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CPCCWHS1001 Prepare to work safely in the construction industry (Release 1)

This course specifies the outcomes required to undertake Work Health and Safety (WHS) induction training within the construction industry.

You must be located in Western Australia at the time of assessment and may be asked to provide evidence of this.

It requires the ability to demonstrate the basic principles of risk management and prevention of injury and illness in the construction industry, and the awareness of WHS legislative requirements.

The assessment for this unit will be in four parts to cover all the elements and performance criteria for this unit.

1. Identify health and safety legislative requirements of construction work
2. Identify construction hazards and risk control measures
3. Identify health and safety communication and reporting processes
4. Identify incident and emergency response

Time for studying the manual and doing exam is around 4 hours. This time will depend on previous knowledge of the industry. It does include a short video and phone call verification assessment.

You will require Hard hat, hearing protection, safety glasses and Hi-viz vest. If you don’t have these or can't borrow them they are available to purchase from Bunnings, hardware or safety stores for around $25

Instructions for completing the exam

• You will need a UNIQUE STUDENT IDENTIFIER (USI) to get this qualification. Follow easy instructions from www.usi.gov.au
• This is a Nationally accredited course accepted by all states in Australia, however you must have a Western Australian residential address.
• You must agree to Safe First Training terms and conditions before commencing exam- these can be found on home page on our website
• Payment must be made prior to receiving your Statement of Attainment and White card

Other literature that should be part of your industry library to work safely in the building and construction industry include

• Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984
• Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996
• WA Building and Construction Code of Conduct 2016

SECTION 1: IDENTIFY HEALTH AND SAFETY LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

DEFINITIONS:

Person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU): a business or an undertaking that is either conducted alone or with others, whether or not for profit or gain. A PCBU can be:

• a sole trader (for example a self employed person)
• a partnership
• a company
• an unincorporated association
• a government department
• a public authority (including a municipal council).
• An elected member of a municipal council acting in that capacity is not a PCBU.

Worker: employees, contractors, subcontractors, outworkers, apprentices and trainees, work experience students, volunteers and PCBUs who are individuals if they perform work for the business.

Officer: for a corporation, partnership or unincorporated association is as defined in section 9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), and includes a person:

• who makes, or participates in making decisions that affect the whole or a substantial part of the business
• has the capacity to significantly affect the corporation's financial standing
• on whose instructions the directors of the corporation are accustomed to act.

Due diligence: emphasises the corporate governance responsibilities of officers. Officers of corporations and unincorporated bodies will need to show that they have taken reasonable steps.

Health and safety representative (HSR): a worker who has been elected by a work group to represent them on health and safety issues.

Reasonably practicable: means that which is, or was at a particular time, reasonably able to be done to ensure health and safety, taking into account and weighing up all relevant matters including:

• the likelihood of the hazard or the risk concerned occurring
• the degree of harm that might result from the hazard or the risk
• what the person concerned knows, or ought reasonably to know, about the hazard or risk, and ways of eliminating or minimising the risk
• the availability and suitability of ways to eliminate or minimise the risk
• after assessing the extent of the risk and the available ways of eliminating or minimising the risk,
• the cost associated with available ways of eliminating or minimising the risk,

INTRODUCTION

All workers including building and construction industry workers have a role to play to ensure that people are safe at work. The building and construction industry is constantly changing. The environment, hazards and risk levels constantly as work progresses on the site and as workers move from one project to another.

Workers need to be fully informed of their role and hazards in the work place. To achieve this, workers need to participate in three distinct induction processes.

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LEGISLATION

This legislation is structured to keep everyone in the workplace safe. The structure consists of the Act, Regulations, Codes of Practice, Standards and guidance notes. The most important aspects of the legislation are the Duty of Care obligations of all parties in the workplace.

All states in Australia have work health and safety legislation that requires the employer to provide a workplace that as far as practicable, employees are not exposed to hazards.

The Act

In WA the Act is known as the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984.
Compliance is Compulsory with the Act.

Not only does the employer and employees have obligations under the Act but manufactures, suppliers and contractors have obligations, in-fact everyone in the workplace has a duty of care to themselves and every person in the workplace. The Act promotes consultation and cooperation between all parties in the workplace.

The Regulations

The regulations are designed to support the Act and provide details to help the employer and employee to meet their obligation to comply with the Act. Compliance is compulsory with the regulations.

Codes of Practice

These are documents that are usually developed by the health and safety authorities to assist employers and employees to comply with the Act and Regulations. Codes of practice offer sound advice and recommendations so legal obligations set out in the Act and Recommendations can be met. Some industry bodies also develop their own codes of practice. Compliance is not legally binding however Codes of Practice can be used in court to highlight that the employer could have done more to meet the requirements under the Act and Regulations.

Australian/NZ Standards

These provide advice and guidance and set a benchmark or minimum standard that should be met in relation to a particular topic. Compliance is not compulsory unless they are mentioned in the regulations. There are two main types of standards, National Standards developed by the Australian Safety Compensation Council (ASCC) and Australian Standards developed by Standards Australia.

You need to know the WHS legislation that covers your job and workplace. Also to know yours and others legal responsibilities relating to WHS in your workplace.

The obligations of employer and employees are represented on each side of the legislation.

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DUTY OF CARE

This is the most important aspect of the legislation - the duty of care obligations of all parties in the workplace. It requires a person to do everything reasonably possible to protect themselves and others from harm. These are some of the obligations of the three groups.

Contractors-

All contractors to the site have the same obligations as everyone else at the site. These obligations include not putting themselves at risk or that puts any other person at risk.

Manufacturers and suppliers

As far as practicable manufacturers and suppliers must design, manufacture, construct and supply plant and equipment so that people who use it in the workplace are not exposed to hazards . To ensure that plant is installed or erected so that it can be used safely. This means that the equipment provided must be safe to use. Example: if you hire a machine, it must be in a serviceable condition and safe to use.

Working safely

To meet your WHS obligation you need to comply with safe working practices to protect yourself and your fellow workers. Safe work practices include:

• Do not take any unnecessary risk
• Always look out for potential hazards
• Always wear and maintain PPE given to you
• Smoke only in designated areas
• Keep your work area clean and tidy
• Use plant tools and equipment in a safe manner and only if you’re authorized
• Enter and leave site by designated route
• Assisting to prevent workplace bullying and harassment
• Never be under the influence of drugs and alcohol

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SECTION 2: IDENTIFY CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL MEASURES

How does the construction industry compare to other industries??

In 2016 there were 35 work related deaths in the construction industry in Australia. They represented 19% of all work related deaths.

The number of workers in the construction industry has grown by 33% over the last 11 years. Within the construction industry 76% of workers were classed as employees and were covered by workers’ compensation schemes.

Compared to other industries, the construction industry has a consistently higher average of Lost Time Injuries and Diseases (LTI/Ds)

Common Hazards

Industry has identified a number of workplace hazards (common to all industries) that result in the highest number of injuries and diseases.

These are referred to as priority areas and are:

• chemical and harmful substances
• electricity
• forklifts
• manual handling – lifting
• new and young workers
• slips, trips and falls
• working at heights

Some objectives of the Act are to prevent death, injury or illness being caused by the workplace. This can be achieved by effective hazard management systems very useful tool is the IACR process

The IACR process is a four stage process

SAM- Spot the hazard, Assess the Risk, Make the Changes

Identify the Hazard

Some examples of hazard at a construction site are listed below

The effective identification of hazards is the most important step of the process. Without effective identification of hazards there can be no effective risk assessment or risk control.

How to identify hazards

Controlling hazards in the workplace you need to recognise and make a list of all types of hazards existing in the workplace. To assist in the hazard identification process the employer should:

• Do formal and informal workplace inspections.
• Regularly review accident, incident and hazard reports
• Encourage discussion and responses between workers
• Regularly look at tasks that could expose workers to hazards

The employee should:

• Regularly inspect the workplace
• Make correct changes to hazards if safe to do so.
• Reporting all hazards to the employer
• Consulting and cooperating with the employer.

Assess the risk

Risk is the probability of a hazard causing injury.

Identifying hazards need to be assessed to determine how serious they are. Assessing the risk allows decisions to be made about which hazard needs to be controlled and set out priorities for the introduction of controls to be used. When assessing the risk, controls that are already in place need to be considered.

Deciding on the level of risk the following must be considered:

Consequence

For every hazard identified, ask yourself the question “What If this happens?”. Reasonably what would be the worst likely outcome from contact to the hazard? (Catastrophic to Insignificant)?

Likelihood

Consider the likelihood of harm occurring if a person is exposed to the hazard. This could range from almost certain to rare.

RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX

Control the risk

Considering the best method of control for the hazard decides on the following:

• To stop the activity
• Change the activity to reduce or eliminate the risk
• What are the penalties of continuing or not continuing the activity

Hierarchy of Control

There are a number of ways to control risk. These are collectively known as the hierarchy of control and their order is indicated by their effectiveness.

Elimination
The highest and most effective control. Remove the hazard completely. This could include stopping the use of a hazardous chemical or changing the way you do a job to avoid danger.

Substitution
To replace a hazardous item or procedure with one that is less hazardous. For example replacing lead based paint with water based paint.

Isolation
Minimizing the chance of danger or harm by preventing access. Erecting barricades, physical barriers or distance isolation.

Engineering
Where hazards cannot be controlled by other means, a safe workplace can be created by development of effective guards, ventilation, barricades

Administrative
Examples of admin procedures can include regular structured breaks, training, signage or procedural systems such as Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Safe Work Instruction or Method.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
PPE provides the last barrier to exposure from a hazard. PPE controls are often used in conjunction with administrative controls. PPE should always be considered as the last form of control

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Monitor and Review

Once the controls have been decided you must identify a person who is responsible to put these controls into operation. This person also needs to monitor the controls to ensure that they are effective, and they don’t bring in other hazards.

SAFE WORK METHOD STATEMENT (SWMS)

These statements provide agreed information to all staff in a work group on safe work practices. They are developed only after a full risk assessment has been completed and after all reasonable risk control measures have been put into place. They are similar to a JSA- Job Safety Analysis

Job safety analysis (JSA)

This is a systematic approach to a job or task that identifies hazards, enabling them to be assessed and develop a way of doing the job or task that eliminates or minimises the risks.

Employees need to know and understand the most capable and safest way of performing all workplace tasks. The involvement of all relevant workers is crucial in the risk management process and with the development of the JSA.

Whenever the JSA is changed or there is a change of persons doing the job, review of the JSA is required.

A JSA should be developed for jobs:

• that require risk control measures
• that have a record of high accident rate
• that involve teamwork so that everyone is familiar with all parts of the job
• that can result in serious injury
• that are being carried out for the first time
• all high risk tasks

Hazardous substances

Extreme care must be taken when working with dangerous substances. Training must be given to all employees who are associated and working with hazardous substances.

Types of substances include- corrosives, solvents, lime, paint, glues, cleaners, fuel including petrol and diesel. All substances have the potential to cause injury or harm. Other substances may cause skin irritations, bring allergic reactions, cause burns, or be highly flammable and therefore need to be segregated from other incompatible substances.

All substances used or produced in the workplace need to be identified; the best method to identify hazardous substances is the Safety Data Sheet or SDS. This used to be called a MSDS-Material Safety Data Sheet

A SDS is an information fact sheet detailing physical and chemical properties of hazardous substances. It provides information on:

• Safe use
• PPE requirements
• Handling, storage and disposal
• Health hazards
• First aid
• Emergency procedures
• The SDS is available from the manufacture or supplier of the substance.
• It is important that the requirements set out in an SDS are strictly followed by all personnel at all times. For every hazardous substance in the workplace there must be an accompanying SDS which must be accessible to everybody and should be located near where the substance is being used or stored. A SDS register must be developed and constantly be updated.

Safety for hazardous substances

The following should be considered when dealing with hazardous substances:

Storage and segregation

• The type of storage area must be suitable for the substance being stored and is often dependant on the amount being stored.
• Incompatibles must be appropriately segregated
• Adequate ventilation must be provided

Hazardous substances must NOT be stored under any circumstances in any food grade container e.g.: soft drink or cordial bottles

Labels

• All substances must be appropriately labelled, regardless of whether stored in a box, drum, container or other form of packaging
• Labels must conform to relevant standards and legal requirements with correct labelling allowing people to know what they are working with.
• Labels must be in good condition and easy to read. Replace those that have faded or been defaced

Use, handling and disposal of hazardous substances
Safe work procedures must always be followed including the correct use of hazardous substances for the intended purpose, and to prevent swallowing, inhaling or skin contact. Safe procedures are also paramount when disposing of the substance or container. They must not be poured down drains or sewers.

Improper disposal could lead to:

• Death or serious injury to people
• Environmental problems in waterways effecting animals and aquatic life
• Prosecution
• Explosions

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Personal Protective Equipment

Employers must supply suitable PPE for all employees working with hazardous substances. This may include gloves, respirators and enclosed footwear.

Dangerous goods
Extreme care must be exercised when working with or near dangerous goods. A prime example is fuel. There are 9 classes of dangerous goods dangerous goods are basically hazardous substances that have been listed as dangerous goods.

Asbestos
Asbestos is a significant killer of workers in Australia. Never attempt to remove asbestos without the correct training and PPE. Asbestos is generally safe if not disturbed and can be found in many areas including ceilings, wet areas, floor tiles, and pipes, glues, insulating materials and fencing products. If you believe that there is asbestos in the area that you are working, stop work and seek immediate guidance from your supervisor.

Placards
Are of particular importance as they provide much needed information in the event of an emergency. Placards provide information such as who to call and information on the identification of the substance other information includes:

• Class of dangerous goods
• UN Number
• Name and emergency code

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Where hazards cannot be eliminated by other means it is a requirement of occupational and safety legislation that all employees wear personal protective equipment in working environments

There are 4 times when you must wear PPE:

1. At the site induction
2. Supervisor tells you
3. Signs indicate the requirement
4. When you think you need it

Employees:

• Are to use the PPE and equipment in the manner in which they have been instructed to.
• Are not to misuse or damage the clothing and equipment
• Must maintain the PPE if appropriate
• Must, as soon as practicable after becoming aware of any damage or malfunction to the PPE notify the employer of such damage etc.

Employers:

• Are to provide adequate PPE
• Must provide training for the PPE
• Need to provide a replacement process

There are Australian/NZ Standards in place for most items of PPE and all PPE provided by the employer must meet this standards

Safety Helmets (Hard Hats)

Safety helmets must be worn in all designated areas. They are a very important part of the safety equipment provided to you.

You should inspect your helmet prior to each use for cracks and any damage and ensure that it is fitted and adjusted correctly. These should be no older than three years.

You should never wear a helmet following an impact. Never put stickers on your helmet unless the glue has been tested not to damage to the helmet. Don’t write on your helmet with permanent marker pens/spray paint as they can adversely affect the plastic of the helmet and never modify your helmet in any way.

Sun block Cream

Using this cream helps prevent the suns rays penetrating the skin. Sunlight contains ultraviolet (UV) radiation which causes premature aging of the skin, wrinkles, eye damage (including cataracts), and skin cancer. The amount of damage from UV exposure depends on the UV radiation levels (which can range from low to extreme), the length of the exposure and whether your skin is protected. There can be high levels even on cool days and you can receive sunburn on a cloudy day. Sun exposure at any age can cause skin cancer. The most dangerous form of skin cancer is melanoma. Australia has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world.

All construction workers are at increased risk, simply because they work outside.

Protective measures- Wear or Use-

• Tightly woven clothing that covers as much skin as possible, such as long sleeve shirts and trousers
• Sunscreen (SPF30+) at all times on skin areas that could be exposed
• A large hat or a wide brim and neck flaps fitted to your safety helmet to protect exposed areas
• Sunglasses or tinted safety glasses to protect your eyes from the sun, reflection and glare
• Work outside whenever possible to limit your exposure to the sun particularly when UV radiation is most intense- middle of the day
• Sun block should be worn at all time when exposed

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Health and fitness

Worker capacity includes fitness, health, skill, experience and motivation.

When prolonged hard work is involved, fitness is the most important factor in worker capacity. Medical conditions may limit, reduce or prevent the person from performing a job effectively.

Things to be aware of: A health change or medical condition that can-

• Reduce or prevent a person from performing a job effectively
• Make it unsafe to do the job
• Make it unsafe for the worker, their co-workers or the public
• Be made worse by the job
• Employees have a duty to report to work in a manner that enables them to do their job safely. If they for any reason do not have the capacity they must discuss this with their employer.

DISEASES

Most workplaces have minimal risk of the transmission of infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis or other viruses. Where there is a possibility that workers will be exposed to blood or other bodily fluids, there is a potential for the transmission of viruses. Some activities have an increased risk for example a site cleaner might be exposed to sanitary waste left in a toilet.

You should ensure that:

• You don’t do anything which may expose you or another person to an infectious disease
• Dispose of infectious material safely ( a syringe collection devise ,sanitary waste)
• Use good housekeeping and personal hygiene
• Use the right cleaning materials
• Use appropriate PPE
• Cover wounds, cuts and abrasions with dressings

FATIGUE

The most common cause of fatigue is not enough quality sleep. Most people need 7 to 8 hours of unbroken sound quality sleep to be able to function to their potential. Some people can survive satisfactorily with a little less and some people a little more.

We need to be mindful of our level of alertness. Our body has what is called a circadian cycle which assists us to sleep at night time and remain awake in the daytime. As a consequence of this cycle we have reduced periods of alertness. Human alertness is at its lowest between 2am and 6am and between 2pm and 4pm.

One in five major road accidents are related to fatigue. Imagine what possible percentage of workplace injuries and incidents are related to fatigue.

EXERCISE

Regular exercise is becoming increasingly important as equipment and technology takes more physical exertion out of workplace activities. You should establish a regular exercise pattern and maintain it as a minimum.

FOOD

Most people should be aware of the importance of a regular balanced diet. We should avoid greasy foods especially at night and limit or avoid too much coffee, tea or drinks containing caffeine in the evenings.

Smoking, alcohol and drugs

Smoking
It is essential that if people smoke they do so in an area that has been designated a smoking area.

Smoking is prohibited in an enclosed workplace, this includes all vehicles. If people are to smoke they MUST adhere to all signs and rules regarding smoking in their workplace.

There are two significant factors regarding smoking:

• Workers who are non smokers can be annoyed or put at risk by the smoke and associated health concerns
• The unsafe disposal of cigarette butts and their potential to start fires

ALCOHOL USE
Overindulgence in alcohol is still one of the major causes of unfitness for work.
The health effects of alcohol are generally known but its consequences for fitness for work not fully appreciated. Alcohol has a severe negative effect on sleep quality, which is essential to fitness for work. Your entitlement to workers compensation benefits may be at risk if any disability you may suffer at work is attributed or relayed to fitness for work linked to excessive alcohol consumption.

It is also important to note that prescribed medication such as anti depressants, painkillers and certain cough medicines can also have an effect on a person such as drowsiness. Employees should ensure they notify the supervisor if taking medication that could affect their ability to do the job safely.

Employees should advise their employer if they are taking any prescription or over the counter medication or any substance that could impair their work performance.

HOUSEKEEPING

Practising good housekeeping reduces accidents and injuries in the workplace, especially those resulting from slips, trips and falls. Slipping and tripping is a major cause of workplace injury with many accidents resulting in broken bones. They often result in other injuries like falls from heights and can be fatal.

Benefits of a clean and tidy workplace:

• Injuries in the workplace can be prevented
• Positive attitude is created for health and safety issues
• Work efficiency and employee morale is improved
• Work productivity can be increased

Some examples of good housekeeping include:

• Pick up excess rubbish
• After using extension cords roll up and put away.
• Stack material and equipment in an orderly, safe and accessible way.
• Return tools after use
• Wipe and clean up any spill immediately

Remember the golden rules of housekeeping
If you drop it – pick it up
If you dirty it – clean it
If you use it – put it back

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MANUAL HANDLING

Manual handling means any activity requiring the use of force exerted by a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or to move, hold or restrain an item.

Manual handling tasks can range from sprains, strains, hernias, cuts and fractures with the most common being back pain.
Manual handling is one of the leading causes of work place injuries.

Injuries can be acute and chronic in nature, the latter being most common.

Acute
Injuries that result from a single movement often cause instant pain and suffering. The pain may not become severe for hours after.

Chronic
Progressive wear and tear caused by repetitive and ongoing manual handling.

Factors that Increase the Risk of Manual Handling

Injuries include:

• Shape and Size of the object
• How far loads are carried over
• Ability to grip the load
• Environment and obstacles in the area
• How much working space available
• Postures maintained through tasks (bending, reaching and twisting movements)
• Height and weight of object
• Health and fitness of the person

Preventing Manual Handling Injuries

It is important to incorporate risk management principles of identification, assessment and control to effectively prevent problems linked to manual handling to reduce the risk of Manual Handling injuries.It is important to follow safe working practices such as storing heavier items on ground level to reduce stretching and bending movements, and using mechanical aids to transport heavy, awkward and bulky items.

SEVEN RULES FOR LIFTING AND CARRYING SAFELY

• Size up the load and decide whether you can handle it alone
• Keep the load close to your body
• Crouch down, keeping your back as straight as possible; bend the hips and the knees. Keep your head upright
• Keep your feet apart keep one foot slightly in front of the other so that you are ready to walk off
• Grip the load firmly using your palm and fingers keep your arms and elbows close to your body
• Using your body weight to start the load moving. Then lift by pushing up with your legs
• Bend your knees to lower the load do not stoop keep your head upright

Do not twist your body at any time when carrying loads and use your feet to change direction

Confined spaces

A confined space is an enclosed or partially enclosed space which is not intended or designed primarily as a workplace, and can have restricted means for entry and exit. It also can have an atmosphere containing potentially harmful levels of contaminants, or an unsafe oxygen level or is of a nature that could contribute to a person in the space being overwhelmed by an unsafe atmosphere of contaminant.

All work carried out in relation to a confined space must conform to AS/NZS 2865 Working in a Confined Space

A confined space may be:

• A manhole
• An excavation
• Inside a storage tank
• Within a sewer pit

All employees must receive adequate training when working in confined spaces especially when:

• Supervising others when working in or near a confined space
• Purchasing and maintaining equipment used by or for the rescue or protection of persons working in or near a confined space
• In the immediate vicinity outside the confined space
• Involving rescue teams

Employees should be aware of the associated hazards, control measures and any emergency procedures applicable to confined space.
Employees should undergo regular refresher training to revise their skills and knowledge.

No one should enter a confined space without being trained adequately or without a standby person present immediately outside the confined space area.

Excavations and trenches

All trenches must be barricaded of fenced off to warn people of their location, and to prevent accidental or unauthorised entry. People should not enter areas immediately next to trenches or excavations unless the area is well signed and are authorised to be there.

WORKING AT HEIGHTS

If the job requires people to work at heights, they must be able to so safely. Types of work where falling from height can occur include:

• Working on the roofs of buildings.
• Working from elevated work platforms or scaffolding
• Working near the edge of excavations
• Working from ladders

Contributing factors that may initiate a fall include

• Falling objects
• Openings in railings
• Fragile roof surfaces
• Weather conditions(wet/windy)
• Incorrect use of ladders
• Poorly maintained ladders
• Scaffolds not erected or used properly
• Unprotected penetrations(holes or openings)
• No PPE fall arrest systems in place
• weather conditions (wet/ windy)
• incorrect use of ladders
• poorly maintained ladders
• scaffolds not erected or used properly
• unprotected penetrations (holes or openings)
• no PPE or fall arrest systems in place
• Poor training

To minimise the risk of working at heights it is important to:

• Do as much work as possible on the ground
• Ensure all tools and loose materials are in a position where they cannot fall or are secured from falling
• Areas near scaffolding must be kept clear of rubbish and debris
• Signage and barricades must be placed in the access area, particularly in places directly below the work area
• If working from a platform fitted to a mobile machine, ensure the platform is correctly secured to the machine and that you are wearing fall prevention equipment as specified in the relevant Standard
• Safety signage must be used if scaffolding is incomplete or not properly assembled; and
• Floor penetrations (holes and openings) must be sign posted and have fixed grid mesh or checker plate flooring panels. Hard barricades must be in place. 
• Be correctly trained

Fall Arrest Equipment

Fall arrest/ restraint equipment must e provided to all persons who work where there is a danger of falling from heights. All height safety equipment must be inspected prior to its use and regularly re-checked as required by the relevant Standard and manufacturer's instructions.

When using fall restraint/fall arrest equipment ensure it is secured to anchor points in the work area which are strong enough for the purpose (not to convenient points such as a hand rail).

Anchor attachment points must have a minimum load capacity in accordance with Australian/NZ Standards.

If your fall restraint/fall arrest equipment has been used to arrest a fall it must be checked by a competent person and serviced to manufacturer's specifications or discarded. Worn or damaged equipment must not be used

Scaffolding-Safety considerations for scaffolding include

• Equipment is to be used in accordance with AS/NZS 1576
• Areas near scaffolds must be kept clear of debris and rubbish
• Edge protection must be provided where there is a risk a person could fall
• 2 or more metres from a scaffold platform
• Scaffolds must not be moved or altered in any way without authorisation

Ladder Safety

• When using a ladder ensure
• The ladder is in good working order
• The ladder is stable with the locking arms in place
• The ladder is set up to approximately 75 degrees
• The top of the ladder extends at least 900mm above the landing point and is tied off securely
• The ladder is suitable for the task e.g. wooden working with electricity

Ensure that

• You maintain three points of contact at all times
• You carry all your tools in a workbag and not in your hands
• You do not lean out from the ladder
• The ladder is secured by tying off or a otherwise secured
• Your boots and the ladder rungs are free from mud, grease or dirt
• You do not stand on the top three rungs of the ladder
• Your body is centred between the side rails of the ladder at all times

Unplanned Collapse

An unplanned collapse can pose a significant danger to construction workers.

An unplanned collapse can include:

• The collapse of a building or structure (or part of) which is unstable before completion or demolition
• Failure of a load bearing part of a crane, hoist, lifting gear or lift.
• The collapse of an excavation
• To reduce the likelihood of injury you should be aware of any potential hazards and comply with all workplace procedures, including complying with maximum load limits and not entering exclusion zones.

Mobile Plant and Traffic

You must ensure before you operate any mobile plant or equipment at site that:

• You are licensed to do so
• You are authorised
• You are competent to operate the plant
• You have completed a Prestart check when starting or taking over control of the vehicle

Approaching Mobile Plant

Before you move forward to mobile plant that is or is likely to be in operation you must obtain eye contact with the operator and the operator must clearly indicate that it is safe for you to approach the mobile plant.

Excavation work

When excavation work is to be carried out and buried power cables or gas pipelines could be in the vicinity, their location must be identified and approval must be obtained prior to work commencing and a risk assessment conducted.

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WEATHER CONDITIONS

Wind gusts can make work environments unpredictable, by varying the stability of the work areas, cause things to fall from above, blow structures over or carry dust and small particles. Other risks include power lines that have come down.

Rain creates wet and slippery conditions that could include slips and falls, and driving accidents due to slippery roadways and electrocution.

Working in extreme cold conditions can cause breathing difficulties and can cause errors due to lower circulation or pain in extremities (hands, feet, ears, etc).

Lightning Where groups spend a great deal of time outdoors, care needs to be taken to minimise the risk of injury from exposure to lightning. Keep a constant look out for thunderstorms and seek a safe location when lightning is imminent. Ask your supervisor about the site safety procedures in place to avoid lightning related injuries.

Weather conditions can have a big impact upon the safety and health of workers, especially in outdoor work environments. Some weather conditions will be immediately obvious such as rain or gusts of wind, others such as exposure to prolonged heat or cold are dangerous and the impact may not be realised until the damage is done.

Workplaces must have safe work practices for whatever situation workers are in and have contingency plans that accommodate changing weather conditions eg- cyclones

Heat Related Conditions

Excessive heat is both a health and a safety hazard.
Working in excessive heat conditions can result in a number of adverse health effects, ranging from discomfort to serious illness and even death.

When the body is unable to cool itself by sweating, several heat-induced illnesses such as heat stress or heat exhaustion and the more severe heat stroke can occur, and can result in death.

Working hard in high heat reduces the body's ability to cool itself because the muscles need extra blood thus decreasing the amount of blood available to circulate to the skin and internal organs. Alertness, stamina and productivity are reduced and the body's core temperature and heart rate rise.

Factors that can contribute to heat stress

• High temperature above 36 degrees Celsius the body begins to gain heat from the environment.
• High relative humidity levels, which reduce, sweat evaporation.
• Low air movement, which affects the heat exchange on your skin.
• Excessive or inappropriate clothing.
• Physical activity.
• Radiant heat from machinery or reflective surfaces.
• Low personal tolerance

Personal Considerations

Medical conditions such as heart problems, diabetes, hypertension, fever or infections can contribute to heat stress. Some people have conditions, which can make them more susceptible to heat stress.

Other contributing factors can include

• Advancing age.
• Being overweight or in poor physical condition.
• Incorrect diet
• Fatigue

It is important to identify heat stress and effectively manage it as the person may develop heat stroke, which is a potentially lethal condition.

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ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Contact with energised objects at mains voltages is potentially fatal. It can also cause serious burns from the discharge of electrical energy.

Health effects include muscle spasms, shock, burns, nausea and vomiting, palpitations, heart fibrillation, unconsciousness...

Fatalities caused from the use of electricity occur regularly both in the workplace and in the home.
Fatalities continue to occur because the dangers associated with its use are not well understood.
There is no such thing as a minor electrical shock. They are all serious and potentially fatal
Electrical Safety Procedures

• Always assume all electrical appliances are "live" until they are effectively isolated
• Isolate, tag and test equipment before commencing work. Prove the isolation
• Examine portable appliances ,extension leads and power plugs before you use them
• Do not use defective equipment. Remove it from use, tag it out and report it
• Make sure the power is off before removing a plug from a power point
• Remove the plug by firmly grasping the plug & not the cable
• Switch the power off before changing light bulbs
• Do not operate portable electrical equipment while out in the rain or other wet areas
  • Replace worn extension leads. Never use PVC insulation tape to repair extension leads
  • Do not run leads over wet areas
  • Unwind long, cords before use to prevent overheating
  • Never allow tools or other objects to lie on extension leads or pull them over sharp objects
  • Do not place extension leads in hazardous areas where there is a likelihood of them being damaged, crushed or cut and
  • Always use an RCD

Overhead power lines

Any work performed near overhead power lines is dangerous and requires all personnel to take extreme care at all times. It is very important to consider the risks that are associated with working near overhead power lines. If work in the vicinity of power lines is not carried out in a safe manner the consequences could involve death of workers and/or bystanders.

There are many considerations to keep in mind whilst working near overhead power lines.

It is essential to:

• Always keep a safe distance from the power lines;
• Ensure work is conducted with any danger zone requirements in place;
• Approach all power lines as if they were live and dangerous;
• Never touch a collapsed or damaged power line, always remaining at a safe distance
• Use a spotter when working within proximity to the power lines;
• Pay attention at all times.
• Always look up particularly when travelling or working underneath the power lines.
• Remember if another person comes into contact with power lines your first concern is your own safety

Maintenance and Repair of Electrical Equipment

All repairs of electrical equipment must be carried out by persons licensed to do so. This includes repairs to damaged power boards and extension cords

Tests and Tag

All portable electrical equipment including RCD’s on a building and construction site must be tested and tagged by an electrician or a qualified person in accordance with the Australian /New Zealand Standard.

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OHS Communication

SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES AND COMMITTEES
Employees have the right to have a workplace occupational safety committee with elected employee representatives and appointed employer representatives. Employees also have the right to elect a safety and health representative. Consultation about safety and health matters is an important part of the Safety Representatives role.

Safety Representatives are elected by the workforce and must complete an accredited course with in the first 12 months of assuming the position.

• Safety and Health Representative Roles include:
• inspect the workplace
• Review circumstances surrounding workplace incidents
• Consulting with the employer and employees
• Assisting in the resolution of workplace health and safety issues
• Being present at interview relating to safety incidents in the workplace

Appropriately trained Safety Representatives also have the right to issue Provisional Improvement Notices (PIN) if they are of the opinion that there is a contravention to a provision of the Act in the workplace.

Safety and Health Representatives are responsible only for safety and health in the workplace or that part of the workplace that was agreed between the employer and employee delegates before their election.

Workplace Health and Safety Committee

Workplace health and safety Committees provide an opportunity for employers and representatives of employees to regularly discuss and make decisions about work health and safety issues.

These may include policy development, planning, monitoring programs, emergency procedures, safety and health training, trends in accidents and illness reports, accident investigations and the introduction of new plant or processes in the workplace which may affect the employee’s safety and health The committee may also take part in resolving safety and health disputes.

Resolution of issues in the workplace

Workplaces should develop and implement procedures for the resolution of workplace issues. It is vital that this resolution of issues procedure is agreed upon by everyone in the workplace. This information should be communicated to all employees when first starting work, so it is clear to everyone what to do when confronted with a safety issue at the workplace.

How to raise WHS issues in the workplace

• Toolbox meetings (An informal briefing or short talk on WHS issues)
• WHS meetings (Formal WHS meetings with the aim to provide workers with specific information relating to WHS)
• Discussions with WHS Reps (This could be face to face, by phone or email)
• Supervisors discussion(This could be initiated by yourself or your supervisor)

Refusal to work

Employees can refuse to work providing they have a legitimate reason to believe that continuing to work will risk injury to themselves or any person in the workplace employees must advise the employer of this refusal to work and the reason why they believe the job is unsafe.

The employer should modify the task to make it safe, give the employee another job that is safe or discuss with the employee the reasons why he or she believes the job is unsafe.

The employee should be satisfied that the job is safe before continuing with the task. The employee should also advise fellow employees of the hazard/s

It is important to note that the employees must not leave the workplace without permission of the employer unless the workplace itself is unsafe. The employer should offer the employee reasonable alternative work until the issue is resolved.

Workplace documentation

There are several types of WHS documents that should be at the workplace. These documents provide information about health and safety information in the workplace and provide a way hazards, incidents and injuries can be reported. You as an employee or subcontractor have a right to inspect these documents in the workplace

Examples of these documents include:

• Site Specific Safety Management Plan
  This document gives an overall view of the hazards that could be encountered at the site and the planned method to control these hazards. It will also include the points of contact after hours and in case of emergency. This is used in conjunction with the JSA and SWMS.
• Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
  SDS exists for materials that are hazardous. The sheets are supplied by the manufacturer or supplier and act as a register of all hazardous materials at the workplace.
• JSA and SWMS register
  A register of all JSAs and SWMS on the site should be maintained and available upon request by all employees.
• Accident and Injury forms
  These forms should be readily available at the site and must be completed in the event of an accident, incident or injury at site.
• Hazard report documents and forms
  Hazard report forms should be readily available to all persons on site. Employees should be encouraged to complete a hazard report form and pass to their supervisors as soon as practicable.

Workers Compensation

If you are injured at work Workers Compensation (Compo) means that you can receive medical treatment and assistance . All employees have a right to workers compensation.

Workers Compensation will cover you for medical expenses and wages to varying degrees and dependant on your circumstances.

There are defined procedures that you must follow to ensure that you do not jeopardize your entitlement to workers compensation, these include:

• Reporting all workplace injuries (including minor ones)
• Complete the relevant report form and claim for compensation form as soon as possible after the incident or accident
• Attach any medical certificates and expenses that occur as a result of the incident that caused the injury
• Keep a copy of all relevant documents

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Workplace policies and procedures

In addition to this documentation the employer must ensure that policies and procedure outlining the company’s preferred way of dealing with issues in the workplace is provided to all employees.

These may include a range of topics including:

• Alcohol and drugs
• Consultation
• Resolution of issues
• Tool and equipment maintenance
• Personal protective equipment
• Emergency procedures
• Chemical use and storage

Policies must be clear and simple detail what the company expects. Procedures should reflect the policy and outline instructions to be followed for achieving the objectives set out in the policy. 

Policies and procedures must be well communicated to all employees as employees have a duty of care to ensure that that act in accordance with the set out policies and procedures. For example, if a company has developed a policy to ensure employees wear suitable personal protective equipment such as a helmet or fall protection when working at heights, the employees must follow and practice the safe working procedures. It is also important the company advises all employees of these policies and procedures and ensure the employees fully understand what is required of them.

For policies and procedures to work effectively, commitment is needed from both employers and employees.

Employers should:

• Provide employees with access to copies of all policies and procedures
• Display copies at the workplace
• Provide adequate training
• Supervise work to ensure requirements are being met
• Regularly review and update contents of all policies and procedures
• Provide policies on workers comp. and injury management.

Employees should:

• Follow instructions
• Report problems
• Ask questions if unsure
• Be actively involved in the development and review of policies and procedures

Reporting and documentation

All employees must report to their supervisor as soon as practicable any injury or harm to themselves or any other person in the workplace and any potential serious occurrence that in the course of or in connection with their work any situation they believe is a hazard in the workplace. Accurate and prompt reporting of injuries, serious occurrences and hazards is fundamental to maintaining a safe and healthy workplace.

This report must be in the method indicated in the workplace policies and procedures

The importance of reporting minor injuries

The reporting of all minor injuries is important because many of these injuries have the potential to develop into more serious conditions. Should a minor injury become infected or a mild strain or sprain becomes more painful, medical treatment may be required.

All minor injuries, including those treated from a first aid box, must be reported and all first aid stores usage recorded.

Why report hazards

Reporting hazards, incidents and injuries is vital so that a safe and healthy workplace can be maintained. Reporting can prevent reoccurrence or the development of new hazards, incidents or injuries in the workplace.

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SAFETY SIGNAGE

Safety signage is designed to draw attention to objects and situations affecting safety and health. Each sign carries the same authority as a direct instruction from your supervisor.

Prohibition signs
These signs indicate an activity or action that is prohibited. They have a white background and a red ring with a diagonal red line running through it.

Limitation signs
These signs place restriction or a limit through use of a number. For example maximum speed or maximum number of people allowed in an Elevated Work Platform (EWP)

Mandatory signs
These signs indicate instruction that must be carried out. They have a white background with a blue disc.

Danger signs
Warn of a particular hazard or hazardous condition that could be life threatening they have the word danger in white letters on a red oval with a black background

Hazard warning signs
Warn of a particular hazard or hazardous condition that is not likely to be life threatening. They have a yellow background with a black triangle.

Emergency information signs
They are signs indicating the location of emergency related equipment such as first aid kits and emergency exits. They have a green background and white text.

Fire signs
These signs advise the location of fire alarms and fire fighting equipment. They have a red background with white text.

LOCKOUT AND TAGGING

The purpose of tagging and lockout procedures is to ensure that people and equipment are protected from hazards that could happen when:

• work is being carried out on equipment and machines
• the equipment or machine is faulty or damaged
• repairs/ maintenance are in progress
• routine and on the spot inspections are being conducted

There are two primary types of tags, personal danger tags and out of service tags. Requirements for use may differ from each workplace so it is important to become familiar with the work site specific procedures and follow them at all times.

Out of Service Tags

In general Out of Service tags

• signify the equipment if faulty or currently undergoing repair or maintenance
• they are colour coded yellow and black
• must be securely placed at the isolation point or points

If an employee identifies a piece of equipment that they consider faulty or unsafe to use then they must complete and place on the equipment at the isolation point(s) an out of service tag.

Information on the tag must be filled out correctly providing the persons name, number, date and a description of the fault detected this then should be reported to the supervisor.

The out of service tag should only be removed by the repairer or supervisor

(Authorised person) when they are satisfied that the equipment is safe to use.

Personal Danger Tags

In general, personal danger tags

• are used to protect people who are working on equipment
• inform people that work is in progress and any actions to begin operating could be dangerous to them and the person already working on the equipment
• are colour coded black, red and white
• must be securely placed at the isolation point or points
• must be in place before any work begins
• information on the tag must be filled out correctly
detailing the date, persons name; and their signature

The tag should only removed by the person who put it there in the first instance; and must be provided for each person working on the job (if there are two or more people working together then each are required to fill out a danger tag and each is to appropriately isolate it to the equipment)

Remember: If you’re not working on the job your tag should be removed.

LOCKS

Locks are an additional safeguard for preventing the equipment becoming operational during repair or maintenance and normally are used in conjunction with a personal danger tag.

BARRIER TAPES

These tapes are used to barricade areas to prevent access to the area

Hazard Warning Tape

• This tape is used to advise that the segregated or barricaded area is hazardous and employees should not enter the area unless they have made themselves aware of all the hazards within the area

This tape is yellow and black

Danger Tape

• This tape is used to restrict employees from entering the area. No employee should enter any area segregated by danger tape unless they have been approved in writing by the site supervisor.

This tape is red and white

MAINTENANCE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Injuries frequently occur when tools are not maintained or used correctly

Important safety practices include:

• Ensure that you are competent before operating any tools or equipment
• Keeping guards and safety devices in place and operational at all times
• Complying strictly with personal protective equipment procedures, for example, wearing eye protection at all times in designated areas or when using designated equipment
• Wearing hearing protection at all times in work areas where there is exposure to excessive noise
• Using the correct hand tools for the purpose they were designed for and keep them clean and free from contamination
• Ensuring that other employees are not at risk from your activities, for example, when cutting, or grinding at height
• Keeping maintenance of tools, inspection, and licensing current.

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SECTION 4: IDENTIFY INCIDENT AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURES

Emergency planning

Emergency situations can occur at any time and cover a wide range of events including the unexpected.

Emergency situations include:

• Fire
• Gas leak
• Fall from height
• Serious injury

What is an emergency?
An emergency can be described as “an unforeseen crisis beyond your control that requires immediate action” An emergency presents (or may present) a risk of serious injury or death.
Details of the site specific emergency procedures must be explained to you prior to commencement of work at that particular site. The procedures will include information relating to the contents and location of the first aid kit, what to do in the event of an emergency, who to contact and by what means to contact. These procedures will form part of the overall site specific management plan.

Alarm systems and emergency areas
It is essential that you are familiar with the emergency procedure at your workplace. You must be able to recognise and respond to the alarm, know the escape route and the location of the emergency assembly area and who to report to upon arrival.

Responding to emergencies

The procedure for emergency response will be explained to you prior to commencement of the work.

The key principles of these procedures are:

• Remain calm
• Contact your supervisor/warn others (raise alarm)
• GET HELP - State clearly and slowly
  • The exact location of the emergency
  • The nature of the emergency for example fall from height
  • How many people are involved/injured
  • Types of injury if known
  • Your contact details

If you are in contact by phone with emergency services ensure the person at the other end of the telephone is clear on the information that you are providing and that they are taking action upon this information.

Accident awareness and prevention

An accident in the workplace can be defined as unplanned and unwelcome events that cause personal injury, property damage, and or interruption to work.

In the prevention of accidents in the workplace an important consideration is the interaction of the environment, people and resources

Accident investigations

Why do we conduct investigations after the accident ?This is extremely important in helping to prevent future accidents.

Investigations are not undertaken to blame, but to discover the causes, so it is unlikely to happen again. Anyone involved in the accident investigation should undertake as soon as possible.

The size of the accident depends on the formation of the team to do the investigation. Those likely to be involved range from the safety and health representative, employer, employees and supervisors.

Investigations may involve surveying the scene, taking photographs, speaking to witnesses and compiling reports.

Ultimately it is important to discover common trends in the causes and events that lead up to the accident so that measures can be taken to prevent the accident reoccurring.

The environment

Atmospheric Pollutants

Dust, fumes , oil and other toxic discharges can be damaging to your health and to the environment

The atmosphere is a crucial factor for long term survival and you should make every effort to protect your health and prevent pollution of the environment

Pollution

The preservation of our water resources is everyone’s responsibility.

Duty of care to the environment is not to allow any substance to be disposed of in drains or be allowed to contaminate any waterway. All substances must be disposed of in accordance with the Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Cost of accidents

Failure to prevent accidents can lead to undesirable outcomes such as:

• Injury or death.
• Damage to machinery or property
• Low morale
• Absence and loss of experienced staff members
• Unemployment and loss of wages
• Workers compensation claims resulting in higher insurance premiums
• Possible prosecution

WHS INCIDENT RESPONSE PROCEDURES

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First aid

Your PCBU/employer has a legal responsibility to provide adequate First Aid equipment and facilities in the workplace.

This includes access to trained first aiders.

A designated person should be appointed to be in charge of the First Aid kit, they must be ready to provide first aid when necessary.

You should know the name, contact number and workplace location of the first aid officer or person to contact,
if you don’t know ASK.

Your worksite should also have a first aid plan that details workplace first aid procedures, and the location of first aid equipment as part of the site specific safety management plan.

Electrical Shock

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FIRE SAFETY

From a personal safety point of view and damage to property, fires continue to be a major concern both in the community and in industry plant and equipment. Property losses attributed to fires cost many millions of dollars annually.

Many fires could be prevented by better housekeeping and an increased awareness of the likelihood of a fire when proper safety measures are not taken.   These three factors combined in the right quantity give us a chemical chain reaction or combustion of a fire

The three factors needed to support combustion (FIRE) are:

1. Heat
2. Oxygen
3. Fuel

The key to the reduction or elimination of fires in the workplace is good housekeeping : Reduce risks from chemical spills, cleaning rags, paper, matches and cigarette butts by-

• Put all rubbish and waste in bins
• At all times keep aisles and exits clear
• Ensure safety signage in any restricted areas such as chemical storage areas is observed.
• Do not store flammable materials near timbered areas, or electrical equipment
• Do not leave flammable materials, cleaning rags, on motors
• When transporting flammable materials keep them in sealed containers and ventilated at all times.
• Any spillage of chemicals clean up immediately. 
• Don’t Smoke in an unauthorised area or within ten (10) metres of any flammable materials storage area and dispose of butts correctly.
• Make sure of the availability of a water supply, suitable fire extinguishers and a fire blanket when welding, cutting, grinding or other hot machine work is being done.

Fighting a Fire

Make sure fire brigade has been called. Before you even consider fighting a fire, you must ensure that all persons in the area are alerted and have left, or leaving. Whether or not you should fight a fire depends on your own safety, as portable fire extinguishers offer only sufficient fire fighting agent to fight a relatively small fire. It may be more effective and safer for you to leave the fire to the fire brigade. If you leave a fire, close off the area as you go. If you do propose to fight a fire:

• Be certain that the fire is contained to a small area and is not spreading beyond the immediate area.
• Be sure that your back is to a safe and unobstructed exit, and the fire cannot spread to block your path.
• Be sure that the extinguisher you use is of the proper type and size.

A Good acronym to remember if you are going to attempt to fight a fire is PASS

DO not attempt to fight a fire if you’re not trained
Above all ensure that you are safe

Types of Fire

Fires are classified according to the type of material that is burning. It is essential that you be aware of the type of extinguisher you must use if a fire starts in your workplace.

Common causes of fire on a construction site are:

• Chemicals
• Electrical
• Explosion
• Friction
• Flammable Materials
• Mechanical equipment and welding

PLACEMENT OF EXTINGUISHERS

Fire extinguishers should be placed near to where they may be used. However, they should not be so close that a fire will prevent you from reaching the extinguisher. It is a requirement that extinguishers be clearly visible with an approved indicator sign placed above.

NOTE- Fire extinguishers should be regularly inspected, tested and maintained.

Fire Hose Reels

Fire hose reels provide accessible and controlled supply of water in the event of a fire, The length of hose is 36 meters and deliver at least 0.33 litres of water per second, and the control nozzle on the end of the hose controls direction and flow of water to fight a fire

Installation and maintenance is required by Australian Standards

Fire Blankets

Fire blankets are sheets of glass-fibre material which are fire resistant.

They can be used to wrap around a person whose clothes have caught alight or to try extinguish small fires that have started by cutting off oxygen supply to the fire

Breathing Apparatus (BA)

Is a device worn by rescue workers, firefighters, and others to provide breathable air in an immediately dangerous to life or health atmosphere.

It is designed to give you clean breathable air from a tank.

You will have a short phone verification we will ask you a few questions- The questions we would like you to think about are:

• Some construction hazards and how you would reduce the risk of hazards
• Fire fighting equipment
• What is JSA/SWMS/SDS
• Roles and responsibilities in the workplace

VIDEO ASSESSMENT

You are required to make a video using a smart device or web cam of your self correctly fitting the following

• Hard Hat
• Hi-vis vest
• Ear plugs/ Ear muffs
• Safety glasses

WATCH THE VIDEO FOR AN EXAMPLE

Please send the video to 0447 111 103 or admin@safefirsttraining.com.au or insert below by uploading video file

Participant Evaluation Part I

Participant Evaluation Part II

Participant Evaluation Part III

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